Polymer nanocomposites incorporating inorganic nanofillers have emerged as highly promising electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, combining mechanical compliance with robust conductive percolation networks. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are particularly attractive as conductive fillers because their high aspect ratio facilitates percolation at low loadings. Also, CNTs offer superior mechanical durability under deformation compared to rigid, fracture-prone metal nanowires. For EMI shielding, high electrical conductivity is critical as it enhances both reflection and absorption through efficient charge dissipation and conduction losses. However, achieving highly aligned conductive pathways without degrading the intrinsic electrical properties of CNTs remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a non-destructive magnetic surface-functionalization and alignment strategy. Using a polydopamine (PDA)-mediated route, pristine multiwalled CNTs are uniformly decorated with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (FMWCNTs). This enables highly effective magnetic field-driven alignment at fields as low as 10 mT, promoting the strategic formation of percolation networks. By optimizing the Fe₃O₄/MWCNT ratio for high saturation magnetization and uniform coverage, the aligned FMWCNTs exhibit significant electrical anisotropy, delivering a 10.7-fold higher electrical conductivity in the parallel configuration compared to the vertical configuration. These findings present a scalable, room-temperature platform for engineering directionally enhanced conductivity in polymer nanocomposites, with broad applicability in advanced EMI shielding, flexible electronics, and advanced packaging technologies.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention for their broad applicability in biomedical imaging, soft robotics, and catalysis owing to their exceptional magnetic properties and biocompatibility. A key challenge in maximizing their functionality lies in achieving a uniform size distribution and dispersity, alongside strong interfacial affinity with the surrounding medium that are essential for optimizing magnetic behavior and processibility. In this study, we present a facile solvothermal synthesis of monodisperse iron oxide NPs with tunable size and controllable surface hydrophobicity by varying precursors, capping agents, and solvents. By varying these synthesis parameters, we demonstrate a clear correlation between NP size, dispersity, and key magnetic properties, including saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (HC). This advancement in synthesis methodology offers a reliable, efficient approach for producing high-quality iron oxide NPs, which makes possible for practical use of them across a range of technological and biomedical applications.

As the operating environment in semiconductor processes becomes demanding, research is being conducted to manufacture dense alumina substrates without defects after sintering to ensure high durability of electrostatic chucks, which are critical components in semiconductor equipment. Therefore, in this study, in order to manufacture green sheets with a high filling ratio for implementing a high-density substrate, alumina powders with average particle sizes of 2.07 μm (L) and 0.37 μm (S) were mixed in ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4, respectively, and green sheets were manufactured and the filling ratio and sintering behavior were observed. Green sheets were fabricated by preparing a slurry using organic materials in Al₂O₃ powders of different particle sizes. The packing density of the green sheet mixed with L and S alumina powders with different average particle sizes in a ratio of 7:3 before and after binder burn-out showed the highest values of 3.19 g/cm³ and 2.87 g/cm³, respectively. As a result of observing the sintered density based on the mixing ratio of alumina powders revealed that the alumina sheet mixed at a 6:4 ratio of L and S powders, sintered at 1,700℃, exhibited the best sintering characteristics with a density of 3.96 g/cm³.

In this study, we fabricated single grain YBCO bulk superconductors with control of the distance between the seed and the upper surface of the YBCO compacts. The magnetic levitation force of the YBa₂Cu₃O₇ superconducting bulk, which corresponds to the energy amount of the superconducting bulk, was measured to be 32.634 N at the center of the bulk where the seed was placed. Under field cooling conditions, a capture magnetic force of 2.17 kG was observed at the center of the bulk. The trapped magnetic force curve corresponding to the stability of the superconducting bulk means that the superconducting specimens were well grown in the form of single grains.

In this study, Iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (δ-FeOOH) was successfully synthesized using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an oxidizing agent. The synthesis of δ-FeOOH was carried out by controlling the amount of H₂O₂, and pure δ-FeOOH was successfully synthesized in ranges from 0.2 mL to 0.6 mL of H₂O₂. The size of the synthesized δ-FeOOH particles was compared by controlling the amount of oxidant H₂O₂. The average particle size of the synthesized pure δ-FeOOH particles increased from 875.1 nm to 897.2 nm as the amount of H₂O₂ was increased. The optical properties of δ-FeOOH synthesized under these specific conditions were investigated. All δ-FeOOH showed a similar trend of increasing and decreasing light absorption from 800 nm to 400 nm, although there was a slight difference in the amount of light absorption, with the largest amount of light absorption at 410 nm. The band gap energy of δ-FeOOH through the Tauc plot method was about 2.1~2.2 eV when H₂O₂ was 0.2~1.4 mL. With a sufficient small particle size, simple control of that particle size, and a small band gap energy enough to absorb light in the visible spectrum, δ-FeOOH could be useful in a variety of applications, including photoelectrochemistry and battery electrodes.

This paper presents the development and market trends of nano biosensors. These biosensors must possess high sensitivity and selectivity to effectively detect diseases. Presently, many research groups are focusing on the field-effect transistor aspect of nano biosensors, which can identify diseases such as Down syndrome, bladder cancer, breast cancer, and numerous other cancers, utilizing graphene and transition metal dichalcogenide materials. In the case of in-vitro diagnostics, the use of nano biosensors has been rapidly growing since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper also discusses market trends and the outlook for both national and international enterprises engaged in the nano biosensor field. Nano biosensors are expected to play a beneficial and significant role soon, contributing to the early diagnosis of diseases and subsequently improving patient outcomes.

Laser-induced plasmonic sintering of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising technology to fabricate flexible conducting electrodes, since it provides instantaneous, simple, and scalable manufacturing strategies without requiring costly facilities and complex processes. However, the metal NPs are quite expensive because complicated synthesis procedures are needed to achieve long-term reliability with regard to chemical deterioration and NP aggregation. Herein, we report laser-induced Ag NP self-generation and sequential sintering process based on low-cost Ag organometallic material for demonstrating highquality microelectrodes. Upon the irradiation of laser with 532 nm wavelength, pre-baked Ag organometallic film coated on a transparent polyimide substrate was transformed into a high-performance Ag conductor (resistivity of 2.2 × 10^-4 Ω·cm). To verify the practical usefulness of the technology, we successfully demonstrated a wearable transparent heater by using Ag-mesh transparent electrodes, which exhibited a high transmittance of 80% and low sheet resistance of 7 Ω/square.

For electronic paper displays using electrophoresis, the response time and reflectivity of the image panel fabricated by filtering are analyzed. For the filtering process, a square wave and ramp wave are applied to white charged particles with a unique q/m value. We divide the sample panels into #1 to #4 according to the applied waveform in the filtering process. Step waves comprising two steps are used to drive the panel; therefore, we divide the driving conditions into D1~D4. The applied voltage at the first stage of the half cycle of the driving waveform moves the charged particles attached via the image force from the electrode, and the applied voltage at the second stage moves the floating charged particles by detaching. As mentioned, four types of driving conditions (D1 to D4) classified according to the half cycle of the driving waveform are applied to the samples #1 to #4), which are classified according to four types of filtering process. When driving condition D1 is applied to the four types of sample panels, the rise time of #1 is 1.59s, #2 is 1.706s, #3 is 1.853s, and #4 is 1.235s, resulting in #4 being relatively faster compared with other sample panels, and showing the same trend in other driving conditions. As a result, we confirm that applying the driving condition D1 causes abrupt movement of the white charged particles injected into the cell. When the same driving waveform (D1) is applied to each sample, reflectivities of 32.1% for #1, 31.4% for #2, 27.9% for #3, and 63.4% for #4 are measured. From the experiment, we confirm that the driving condition D1 (1s of 3.5 V, 9s of 3.0 V) and ramp wave #4 in filtering are desirable for good reflectivity and response time. Our research is expected to contribute to the improvement of the filtering process and optimization of the driving waveform.

This study reports the fabrication and application of semitransparent Cu nanoparticle layers. Spin coating and subsequent drying of a Cu colloid solution were performed to deposit Cu nanoparticle layers onto Si and glass substrates. As the spin speed of the spin coating increases, the density of the nanoparticles on the substrate decreases, and the agglomeration of nanoparticles is suppressed. This microstructural variation affects the optical properties of the nanoparticle layers. The transmittance and reflectance of the Cu nanoparticle layers increase with increasing spin speed, which results from the trade-off between the exposed substrate area and surface coverage of the Cu nanoparticles. Since the glass substrates coated with Cu nanoparticle layers are semitransparent and colored, it is anticipated that the application of a Cu nanoparticle-dielectric bilayer structure to transparent solar cells will improve the cell efficiency as well as aesthetic appearance.

In this study, the drift current characteristics of charged particles are analyzed for panels fabricated by varying the waveform biasing of the active particle loading method (APLM), which is a method driven by the electrophoretic principle of loading charged particles into a cell of a barrier rib-type electronic paper. We prepare 3 panels using APLM and 1 panel without APLM. The waveform of APLM uses square wave and ramp wave, and the step voltage wave is applied to the driving voltage. The drift currents measured from the square wave and ramp wave with the same period applied by APLM are 4.872 μC and 5.464 μC, respectively, and the ramp wave is shown to be relatively advantageous for loading charged particles that have a large q/m. The time–current curve results confirm that the abrupt movement of charged particles is occurring. When the step form wave signal with a short time of 1s is first applied, initial large movement of the charged particles is confirmed to occur in all samples, which is understood as the effect of applying the voltage necessary to remove the imaging force. The results of this study are expected to improve the loading of charged particles into the electronic paper cell, driven by the electrophoretic principle and optimization of the driving conditions.

Al₂O₃ powders with particle sizes of 0.35 μm, 0.5 μm, 1.5 μm, and 2.5 μm are deposited onto glass and Cu substrates using the aerosol deposition (AD) process. The deposition characteristics of Al₂O₃ films using those four types of Al₂O₃ powders are investigated to determine the influence of the particle size on the films. To observe detailed micro-structures of the films, the cross-section and surface morphology are observed. Then, the crystalline size and internal strain are calculated from X-ray diffraction peaks in order to confirm the hammering effect as well as the micro-strain during the AD deposition. From the above results, deposition mechanisms related to the particle size are studied. The results of this study indicate the optimal particle size and formation mechanisms for dense Al₂O₃ film with a smooth surface roughness as well as for a porous Al₂O₃ film with a rough surface roughness.

We analyzed the drift current by charged particles according to the loading methods applied into a closed cell by electronic ink at a reflective-type display panel using an electrophoretic mechanism. For this experiment, various panels were fabricated with injection voltages for electronic ink taking values in the range -4~0 V. The size of each cell was 220 μm × 220 μm and height of the barrier rib was 54.28 μm. The electronic ink was fabricated by mixing electrically neutral fluid and single-charge white particles. Drift current was measured by moving charged particles. A biasing voltage of 6 V was applied to the display panel. As a result, the drift current was proportional to the injection voltage for electronic ink, but it decreased in case of an injection voltage above -3 V. Our experimentation ascertained that the concentration of charged particles injected into closed cells is controlled by the injection voltage and the selective injection of charged particles above movable q/m is possible.

An investigation was conducted to determine whether the ratio of the fluid to the charged particles affects the panel reflexibility rate and the drifting current flowing in the panel, in electrophoretic-based electronic paper. In this regard, three panels were produced in this study with the ratio of the charged particles to the fluid set as 1:5, 1:1, and 5:1. Each sample was driven using an identical input pulse, for which the current flowing in the panel and the output voltage of the photodiode were measured for the panel reflexibility rate. Consequently, the drifting current initially exhibited a peak value and a saturated value at a later point. This value was proportional to the ratio of the charged particles, and it was similar to this ratio when it is higher than 1:1. The output voltage of the photodiode due to the panel reflexibility rate was proportional to the ratio of the charged particles. However, the response speed decreased if the ratio was higher than 1:1. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to the analysis of the charging of charged particles in electrophoretic-based electronic paper, and the selection of an appropriate concentration.

Controlling the shape of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) is very difficult. In the present work, urchin Ag NPs with different sizes and pod length control have been synthesized successfully in high yield by the concentration of a reducing agent. Unique Ag NPs were observed by TEM and SEM. These nanocrystals exhibit tunable surface plasmon resonance properties from the visible to near-infrared regions. They were applied to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates using rhodamine 6G (R6G), benzenethiol (BT), and 4-amino benznethiol (4-ABT) molecules. The enhanced local field effect due to the sharp pod length, size, and surface plasmon of the urchin Ag NPs resulted in enhanced SERS properties and can serve as high-sensitivity substrates for SERS measurements.

The facile synthesis of shape-controlled Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a capping agent is presented in this study. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. The prepared PdNPs show efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties. SERS studies on the adsorption characteristics of 1,4-phenylene diisocyanide (1,4-PDI) on colloidal PdNPs have revealed that the relative peak intensity of the (NC)_free and (NC)_bound modes distinctly depends on the 1,4-PDI concentration as well as the shape of the PdNPs. Furthermore, we found that the PdNPs are also efficient photoelectron emitters such that the SERS spectrum of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) on PdNPs is readily converted to that of 4-aminobenzenethiol (4-ABT) under 632.8 nm radiation.

Nanoscale gold particles have been intensively researched due to their potential applications in catalysis, electronics, plasmonics, and biological assays. In our study, we fabricated gold nanoparticles (NPs) that were synthesized in an aqueous environment via the reduction of HAuCl4 by ascorbic acid (AC) with a sodium citrate (SC) surfactant. Highly monodispersed gold particles with sizes ranging from 123 to 184 nm were prepared in high-yield by a surfactant concentration. The structural and optical properties of the synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties that were dependent on their on size.

SiO_x nanoparticles were granulated, and their microstructures and effects on electrochemical behaviors were investigated. In spite of the promising electrochemical performance of SiO_x, nanoparticles have limitations such as high surface area, low density, and difficulty in handling during slurry processing. Granulation can be one solution. In this study, pelletizing and annealing were conducted to create particles with sizes of several decades of micron. Decrease in surface area directly influences the initial charge and discharge process when granules are applied as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Lower surface area is key to decreasing the amount of irreversible phase-formation, such as Li₂Si₂O₅, Li₂SiO₃ and LuSiO₄, as well as forming the solid electrolyte interface. Additionally, aggregation of nanoparticles is required to obtain further enhancement of the electrochemical behavior due to restrictions that there be no Li₄SiO₄-related reaction during the first discharge process.

In this study, we prepared 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 wt% content composites filled in epoxy matrix for two micro silica and three micro alumina types for use as a GIS heavy electric machine. As a filler type of epoxy composite, micro silica composites showed excellent AC breakdown strength properties compared to micro alumina composites in the case of electrical properties of micro silica and alumina. The electrical breakdown properties of micro silica composites increased with increasing filler content, whereas those of micro alumina decreased with increasing filler content. In the case of mechanical properties, the micro silica composite showed improved tensile strength and flexural strength compared with the micro alumina composite. In addition, mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength of micro silica and alumina composites decreased with increasing filler content. This is probably because O-H groups are present on the surface of silica in the case of micro silica but are not present on the surface of alumina in the case of micro alumina.

In this paper, the ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized according to the process conditions of hydrothermal synthesis. When the molar ratio of Zn to S was 1:1.2, it was confirmed that it had a cubic single phase and a high crystal phase. After the molar ratio is fixed, hydrothermal synthesis was conducted at 180℃ for 24, 36, 72 and 96 h in order to confirm the structural change with the change of hydrothermal synthesis times. As the hydrothermal synthesis times increased, the particle size increased. The hydrothermal synthesized particle size for 72 h was considered to be suitable for sintering. The ZnS ceramic had a density of 99.7% and an excellent transmittance of ~70% in the long-wavelength region.

Transition metal oxide materials have attracted widespread attention as Li-ion battery electrode materials owing to their high theoretical capacity and good Li storage capability, in addition to various nanostructured materials. Here, we fabricated a CoO Li-ion battery in which Co nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited into a current collector through electrophoretic deposition (EPD) without binding and conductive agents, enabling us to focus on the intrinsic electrochemical properties of CoO during the conversion reaction. Through optimized Co NP synthesis and electrophoretic deposition (EPD), CoO Li-ion battery with 630 mAh/g was fabricated with high cycle stability, which can potentially be used as a test platform for a fundamental understanding of conversion reaction.

Nanomaterials have considerable potential to solve several key challenges in various electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells. However, the use of nanoparticles in high-temperature devices like solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is considered problematic because the nanostructured surface typically prepared by deposition techniques may easily coarsen and thus deactivate, especially when used in high-temperature redox conditions. Herein we report the synthesis of a self-regenerated Pd metal nanoparticle on the perovskite oxide anode surface for SOFCs that exhibit self-recovery from their degradation in redox cycle and CH₄ fuel running. Using Pd-doped perovskite, La(Sr)Fe(Mn, Pd)O₃, as an anode, fairly high maximum power densities of 0.5 and 0.2 cm^-2 were achieved at 1,073 K in H₂ and CH₄ respectively, despite using thick electrolyte support-type cell. Long-term stability was also examined in CH₄ and the redox cycle, when the anode is exposed to air. The cell with Pd-doped perovskite anode had high tolerance against re-oxidation and recovered the behavior of anodic performance from catalytic degradation. This recovery of power density can be explained by the surface segregation of Pd nanoparticles, which are self-recovered via re-oxidation and reduction. In addition, self-recovery of the anode by oxidation treatment was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

An electronic paper display was fabricated by injecting electronic ink, including white and black particles coated by positive and negative charge control agents (CCA), respectively, into closed cells surrounded by micro-barriers. These two types of charged, colored particles are easily damaged or their charging value can be changed by the injection process; therefore, the electrical and optical properties of the image panel fabricated by the injection method were estimated in this study. The active particle-loading method, proposed as a new electronic ink injection process, was applied, and the electro-optical properties of the resulting three-electrode-type e-paper image panel were analyzed. The reflection rate of the white image-panel fabricated with our new injection method was 24.7%, while that of the same panel fabricated with a previously reported injection method was 19.8%. In addition, the response time was improved by about five times compared to those reported in other publications.

In this study, e-beam equipment was used to form silver nanoparticles on thin films of TiO₂ to increase the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells and improve the annealing process. TiO₂ thin films with nanoparticle photoelectrodes were fabricated in individual units for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells were compared to those of the prepared TiO₂ photoelectrode with and without nanoparticles. The dye-sensitized solar cells with silver nanoparticles showed a significant increase in the electric current density compared with the pure TiO₂ dye-sensitized solar cell and improved the solar conversion efficiency to 27.89%. The increased density of electric current increased the extent of light absorption of the dye owing to the plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles at the local surfaces. This phenomenon led to increased light scattering, which in turn increased the current density of the dye-sensitized solar cells and improved the solar conversion efficiency.

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles were fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis at 180℃ for 12 h. Two kinds of ZnS powder (hydrothermal synthesized ZnS and commercial ZnS) were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for phase and microstructure, respectively. The XRD patterns showed that all ZnS nanoparticles have a sphalerite (cubic) structure. The nanoparticles of two different ZnS powders were sintered by spark plasma sintering. The sintered ZnS were analyzed by XRD, SEM, and FT-IR. We found that the transmittance of the infrared region is highly dependent on the density and crystal structure of sintered ZnS and the purity of the starting ZnS powder.

The effect of particle sizes on the aerosol deposition (AD) of Cu films is investigated in order to understand the deposition behaviors of metal powder during the AD process. The Cu coatings fabricated by using 2 μm Cu powders had a dense microstructure, a high deposition rate (1.6 ± 0.2 μm/min), and low resistance (9.42 ± 0.4 μΩ·cm) compared to that from using Cu powder with a particle size greater than 5 μm. Also, from estimating the internal micro-strain of Cu films, the Cu coatings fabricated by using 2 μm Cu particles exhibited a high micro-strain value of 3.307×10^-3. On the other hand, the strain of Cu coatings fabricated with 5 μm particles was decreased to 2.76×10^-3. These results seem to show that the impacted Cu particles are compressed and flattened by shock waves, and that their bonding is associated with the high internal micro-strain caused by plastic deformation.

In this study, we investigated the color change of the normal light gray granite as the high value color granite. By coating the metal catalyst liquid on the surface of granite stone, the metal particles were penetrated into the granite and the color of granite was changed permanently through the annealing treatment. To increase penetration depth into the granite, we used DC (direct current) bias. Two kinds of bias were used such as DC bias and pulse DC bias. And the penetration time was changed as 30 and 60 min. In all cases, the color granite were successfully obtained. Regardless of the catalyst reaction time, the penetration depth was increased by using the bias treatment. We obtained a penetration depth of 21 mm with the DC pulse bias during 60 min.

Effects of SiOx or C shells on electrochemical properties of Si nanoparticles were investigated. SiOx shells with thickness of 10~15 nm were formed on homogeneously crystalline Si nanoparticles. Incase of Si-C nanoparticles, there were 30~40 layers of C with a number of defects. Li-ion batteries were fabricated with the above-mentioned nanoparticles, and their electrochemical properties were measured. Pristine Si shows a high IRC (initial reversible capacity) of 2,517 mAh/g and ICE (initial columbic efficiency) of 87%, but low capacity retention of 22%, respectively. SiOx shells decreased IRC (1,534 mAh/g) and ICE (54%), while the retention increased up to 65%, which can be explained by irreversible phases such as LiO2 and Li2SiO3. C shells exhibited no differences in IRC and ICE compared to the pristine Si but an enhanced retention of 54%, which might be from proper defect structures.

This paper dealt with the PD (partial discharge) characteristics produced by metallic particles presented in a gas insulated switchgear. Four types of metallic particles such as a ball, a trapezoid, a rectangle, and a twist were fabricated and placed in a PD cell filled with SF6 gas. PD pulses were detected through a 50 Ω non-inductive resistor. Calibration was carried out according to IEC 60270 and the sensitivity was calculated as 4 mV/pC. Apparent charge, pulse count, DIV (discharge inception voltage), DEV (discharge extinction voltage), and TRPD (time resolved partial discharge) were analyzed. Among the metallic particle types, the twist frequently occurred PD pulse at the lowest DIV, while the rectangle showed the highest. DEV of the twist was about 2 times lower than that for the rectangle. Kurtosis of ball clustered at high value, and skewness of other three metallic particles distributed at low value. TRPD showed different distribution by metallic particle types.

This study examined the size and shape of the nano-silver particle through the analysis of electrical resistance when synthesizing nano-sized silver by using the chemical liquid reduction. Changes in particle behaviors formed according to the changes in electronic characteristics by electric resistance in each time period in the beginning of reduction reaction in a course of synthesizing the nano-silver particle formation were studied. In addition, analysis was conducted on particle behaviors according to the changes in concentration of AgNO3 and in temperature at the time of reduction and nucleation and growth course when synthesizing the particles based on the particle behaviors were also examined. As the concentration of AgNO3 increased, the same amount of resistance of approximately 5 Ω was increased in terms of initial electronic resistance. Furthermore, according to the result of formation of nuclear growth graph and estimation of slope based on estimated resistance, slops of 6.25×10-3, 2.89×10-3, and 1.85×10-3 were derived from the concentrations of 0.01 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M, respectively. As the concentration of AgNO3 increased, the more it was dominantly influenced by the nuclear growth areas in the initial phase of reduction leading to increase the size and cohesion of particles. At the time of reduction of nano-silver particle, the increases of initial resistance were 4 Ω, 4.2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 5.3 Ω, respectively as the temperature increased. As the temperature was increased into 23℃, 40℃, 60℃, and 80℃, slopes were formed as 4.54×10-3, 4.65×10-3, 5.13×10-3, and 5.42×10-3 respectively. As the temperature increased, the particles became minute due to the increase of nuclear growth area in the particle in initial period of reduction.

In this study, we fabricated a thermoelectric module made of nanoparticles (NPs) and glass fibers investigated its thermoelectric characteristics. P-type HgTe and n-type HgSe NPs synthesized by colloidal method were used as thermoelectric materials and glass fibers were used as spacers between the hot and cold electrodes of the thermoelectric module. In the module, the average Seebeck coefficients of the HgTe and HgSe NPs were 1260 and -628 μV/K, respectively. The p-n module generated about a voltage of 11.9 mV and showed a power density of 1.6×10-5 μW/cm2 at a temperature difference of 7.5 K.