The ability to manipulate and probe biomolecules at the single-molecule level has become an essential approach for understanding molecular interactions, conformational dynamics, and nanoscale transport phenomena. Advances in experimental techniques have enabled precise control of individual molecules with high spatial resolution and piconewton-level force sensitivity. These developments have significantly expanded the capability of studying biomolecular mechanics and dynamics beyond conventional ensemble measurements. A variety of physical strategies have been developed for single-molecule manipulation, including mechanical-force-based approaches, electric-field-driven methods, and nanoscale structural confinement techniques. Mechanical-force-based methods, such as optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, and atomic force microscopy, enable direct measurement of molecular mechanical responses. Electric-field-based manipulation, represented by dielectrophoresis, allows noncontact control of particles and biomolecules through polarization effects in non-uniform electric fields. In addition, nanopore-based systems employ nanoscale confinement to regulate molecular transport and residence behavior. This review provides an overview of representative single-molecule manipulation techniques based on mechanical, electrical, and structural control and discusses their fundamental principles and implementation strategies.

Porous polymeric structures with piezoelectric properties have attracted considerable attention in the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering due to their ability to convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. However, conventional fabrication methods for porous structures often face limitations in controlling pore architecture, maintaining structural uniformity, and achieving process reproducibility, in addition to requiring complex processing conditions. To address these issues, we propose a facile and reproducible fabrication method for porous poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) piezoelectric sponges using molded sugar cubes as sacrificial pore templates. By adjusting the particle size of the sugar templates, the pore size and distribution of the sponges could be effectively controlled, and a uniform open-pore network was achieved. The fabricated sponges were evaluated with a focus on pore morphology, mechanical behavior, and piezoelectric performance depending on the sugar particle size, and these evaluations confirmed the structural properties and functional efficacy. This study presents a simple and reproducible fabrication strategy along with a quantitative analysis method for porous structures, which is expected to enhance process accessibility and practical applicability in the development of piezoelectric polymer-based biomaterial platforms.

Aluminum is a lightweight metal and has excellent properties with regard to conductivity, workability, and strength. It has been used in various industries owing to its economic benefits. To improve upon the mechanical properties and processability by adding various alloying elements to aluminum, improving the corrosion resistance and heat resistance by electrochemically forming a porous anodic film having a thickness and hardness on the surface of the aluminum alloy is crucial. In this study, the aluminum 6061 alloy was controlled by an anodization process in a 0.3M oxalic acid electrolyte at room temperature to investigate the oxide film parameters such as porosity and thickness depending on the modulating applied voltage and time. The anodizing experiment was performed by increasing the time from 1 h to 9 h at 2-h intervals at applied voltages of 50 V and 60 V.

Ordered mesoporous oxide films have been focused because of their low density, high interior specific surface area, and high thermal insulation. Specially, the ordered mesoporous oxide films prepared by self-assembly has many advantages due to easy process and high reproducibility. In this work, ordered mesoporous SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 films were synthesized by control of composition and processing parameter. Also, their structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were characterized variously. In conclusion, ordered mesoporous oxides will be one of core materials in new technology due to their excellent and unique properties.