Multilayer ceramic batteries (MLCBs) have attracted increasing attention as compact all-solid-state energy-storage devices that can be manufactured using multilayer ceramic processing technologies. In this study, an MLCC-compatible fabrication process for oxide-based MLCBs was developed using Li₁₊ₓAlₓTi₂₋ₓ(PO₄)₃ (LATP) solid electrolytes, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (LVP) cathodes, and Cu current collectors. Commercial LATP powders were evaluated in terms of particle-size distribution, phase purity, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity. The selected LATP powder was subsequently employed for tape-cast green-sheet fabrication, and the effects of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) binder content on slurry rheology and sheet microstructure were investigated. An optimized binder composition containing 11 wt% PVB (BM-2/BH-3 = 3:7) provided improved processability and microstructural uniformity. Drying conditions during sequential electrode printing were also optimized to suppress sheet warpage and improve multilayer registration. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG–DTA) were used to establish an optimized two-step debinding and co-firing process under a controlled reducing atmosphere. The resulting multilayer structures exhibited uniform densification without significant blistering, delamination, or interfacial defects. Charge–discharge measurements confirmed that electrochemical functionality was retained after the complete manufacturing process, yielding a discharge capacity of approximately 2.5–2.7 μAh.

The effects of BaZrO₃ addition on the structural and electrical properties of BaTiO₃-based base-metal-electrode (BME) multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) ceramics were investigated. Dielectric compositions containing 0–9 wt% BaZrO₃ were fabricated using a conventional MLCC process, and their crystal structure, dielectric behavior, temperature stability, frequency stability, and insulation resistance were evaluated. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a single-phase perovskite structure for all compositions. Increasing BaZrO₃ content resulted in a systematic shift of diffraction peaks toward lower angles and an increase in unit-cell volume from 64.61 to 66.05 ų, indicating successful Zr incorporation into the BaTiO₃ lattice. The dielectric permittivity increased with BaZrO₃ addition and reached a maximum value of approximately 2,110 at 6 wt%, while dielectric loss decreased significantly. Capacitance stability against temperature and frequency variations was markedly improved with increasing BaZrO₃ content. In addition, insulation resistance increased substantially over the investigated temperature range, demonstrating enhanced electrical reliability.

We have studied the thermal stability of NCM622 cathode material for Li-ion batteries using real-time synchrotron x-ray scattering below 600°C in both air and vacuum. The expansion of the mean particle size, which reached maximum values of 10.3 μm in air and 10.6 μm in vacuum at 200°C, was attributed to the dehydration of intergranular water within the NCM622 powders. Across all annealing temperatures, the amount of crystal NCM622 phase in air was consistently higher than that in vacuum. The crystal domain sizes in air showed less variation than that in vacuum during annealing from RT to 500°C. These indicate that the crystal NCM622 phase is more thermally stable during annealing in air than in vacuum. This stability is attributed to the presence of 21% oxygen in air, which is absent under vacuum conditions.

The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the ferroelectric BaTiO₃ were measured and analyzed using both strong and weak electric field conditions. To measure the electric field induced polarizations and strains, a high voltage source and the measuring circuit were used and the dielectric constants were measured with an impedance analyzer. The spontaneous polarization of BaTiO₃ at room temperature was calculated as 17 μC/cm² based on the lattice structure and internal ion location, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. The polarization and strain hysteresis curve according to the electric field were analyzed in terms of lattice structure and ion position. The magnitude of remanent polarization is proportional to the offset distance of Ti⁴⁺ ion from the lattice center. The magnitude of dielectric permittivity is proportional to the degree to which Ti⁴⁺ ion can move freely inside the lattice. The magnitude of piezoelectric constant d₃₃ is proportional to how much Ti⁴⁺ ion distorts the lattice as it moves inside the lattice.

With the rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESS), ensuring the operational safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a critical technical challenge. Conventional battery management systems (BMS) primarily rely on threshold-based rule logic, which is limited in detecting coupled anomalies and early-stage degradation patterns. In this study, a deep learning-based framework for multivariate anomaly detection is proposed using BMS sensor data, including voltage, current, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH). Five representative fault scenarios were defined, including thermal runaway precursors, cell voltage imbalance, SOC inconsistency, internal resistance increase, and communication delay. The proposed CNN-LSTM model was compared with conventional Rule-based methods and machine learning models, including Isolation Forest, Autoencoder, and LSTM. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieved the highest performance, with an F1-score of 0.885, an AUC of 0.94, and a detection delay of 8.1 s. In contrast, the Rule-based method exhibited a significantly higher false negative rate of 42.0%, indicating limitations in detecting complex anomaly patterns. These results demonstrate that the proposed spatiotemporal deep learning approach can significantly improve the accuracy and responsiveness of battery anomaly detection. Furthermore, the proposed method is expected to contribute to enhancing safety, reliability, and predictive diagnostics in next-generation intelligent BMS platforms.

This study proposes an optimization strategy for the over-current protection (OCP) parameters of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, LFP) battery system used in electric golf carts operating under high motor-load conditions. Real-world hillclimbing tests were conducted under four clearly defined payload/passenger conditions to analyze the transient discharge-current pro-file, voltage sag, and cell-temperature response. The maximum discharge current reached -238.2 A under the 200 kg cargopayload and one-passenger condition, and the current interval exceeding 150 A lasted up to 27 s. The maximum instantaneous power was 11.05 kW. Thermal analysis showed that the cell-temperature rise was within 2°C and the maximum measured cell temperature was 22.3°C. Linear regression of voltage and current yielded R² = 0.9368 and dV/dI = 0.0126 Ω, which was used as the DC internalresistance estimate. Based on these quantitative results and the cell specification limit of 300 A continuous discharge, the OCP threshold was reviewed from 250 A to 280 A to improve driving continuity while remaining below the allowable continuous-discharge current. EIS-based SOH estimation and the AI-BMS variable protection logic are presented as an extension framework for reflecting temperature and aging effects in future OCP-setting decisions.

The expansion of smart healthcare and wearable electronics has intensified the need for fabric-based sensors that integrate conformally with the human body for continuous bio signal monitoring. However, the heavy reliance of conventional devices on external batteries remains a major obstacle to commercialization, necessitating the development of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters that convert biomechanical energy into sustainable power. Here, we present a highly flexible and wearable piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) fabricated by a screen-printing of BaTiO₃ nanoparticlePDMS composites onto a fabric substrate. An optimized piezo-ceramic filler concentration of 70 wt% yielded a peak output voltage of 0.52 V and a current of 40 nA under the mechanical bending deformations. The fabricated PEH demonstrated exceptional mechanical and electrical stability, showing no performance degradation of over 5,000 repetitive bending cycles. These results indicate that a PEH can function as a stable self-powered source within complex clothing environments, offering a promising pathway for next-generation autonomous wearable sensor systems.

This paper proposes a circular sequential lighting control method to reduce current imbalance and luminance deviation among multiple LED modules in AC-powered LED lighting systems. Conventional fixed-sequence lighting control repeatedly prioritizes the same LED modules in every rectified voltage cycle, which leads to unequal current distribution, luminance non-uniformity, and the accelerated degradation of specific modules during long-term operation. To address these limitations, a circular sequential lighting strategy is introduced, in which the lighting order is cyclically rotated at every rectified cycle, ensuring that all LED modules experience equal lighting opportunities. A prototype AC-LED lighting system consisting of four series-connected LED modules was implemented and experimentally evaluated. The results demonstrate that, while the conventional fixed-sequence method produces a maximum average current deviation of up to 1.6 mA among modules, the proposed method equalizes the average current across all modules to approximately 17.1 mA. Furthermore, the flicker index remains at 0.13, which is comparable to that of the conventional method, indicating that luminance uniformity is improved without degradation of optical performance. The proposed circular sequential lighting control effectively distributes electrical stress, enhances luminance uniformity, and improves long-term reliability, making it a practical and efficient solution for high-quality AC-LED lighting applications.

The recent rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is creating new load characteristics in the distribution system, and in particular, the widespread use of single-phase charging methods is exacerbating phase load imbalances, leading to voltage unbalance issues. Such voltage imbalances can undermine the stability of the distribution system and may cause side effects such as reduced power quality and shortened equipment lifespan. This study proposes a smart distribution panel system that can detect voltage imbalance issues caused by uneven electric vehicle charging loads in real time and actively compensate for them. The proposed system aims to contribute to the stability and power quality improvement of the distribution network by integrating a load balancing algorithm with inter-phase voltage monitoring functionality.

This study investigates the effect of dielectric layer thickness on the electrical and reliability characteristics of BaTiO₃- based X8R multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for automotive applications. MLCCs with 30 dielectric layers and thicknesses ranging from 5 to 30 μm were fabricated, and key parameters―including capacitance, equivalent series resistance (ESR), insulation resistance (IR), breakdown voltage (BDV), DC-bias characteristics, temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC), and ripple current-induced heating―were evaluated. The dielectric constant (~2,000) and sintering shrinkage (~-25%) were nearly independent of thickness, confirming stable microstructure formation. ESR increased with thickness, while normalized BDV (V/μm) decreased due to defect accumulation. IR improved with increasing thickness but dropped sharply above 125℃. Dielectrics thinner than 10 μm exhibited significant capacitance degradation under DC-bias and temperature variation, reflecting strong internal field effects. Ripple-induced heating correlated directly with ESR. These results indicate that, although thinner layers enhance capacitance density, reducing the thickness below 10 μm compromises bias stability and thermal reliability. A minimum dielectric thickness of 10 μm is therefore recommended to achieve an optimal balance between electrical performance and durability in high-reliability X8R MLCCs.

Citations

• Structural Analysis of Electric Field-Induced Polarization and Strain in Ferroelectric BaTiO₃
  Jae Hwan Park
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(4): 374.     CrossRef

The safety and stability concerns of liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium-ion batteries have accelerated the development of solid-state alternatives. NASICON type ceramics Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LATP) offer promising properties, including high bulk ionic conductivity and good compatibility with lithium anodes. However, their practical application is hindered by grain boundary resistance and relatively low total ionic conductivity. This study investigates the effect of Ta₂O₅ doping on LATP to overcome these limitations. Doping with 5 wt% Ta₂O₅ improved the ionic conductivity to 2.95 × 10-4 S/cm by enhancing lattice structure, reducing grain boundary resistance, and suppressing the formation of secondary phase. Additionally, Ta₂O₅ positively influenced the sintering behavior, resulting in a denser, and more uniform microstructure. These enhancements suggest that Ta₂O₅-doped LATP is a strong candidate for next-generation all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Citations

• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef

As electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly adopted worldwide, large numbers are now transported by sea on dedicated car carriers. With this trend, concerns are increasing about fires and explosions caused by battery thermal runaway during marine transport, while existing SOC limits before loading remain largely empirical. This study experimentally investigates gas generation and explosion characteristics of EV lithium-ion cells under thermal runaway conditions representative of enclosed vehicle decks. We identify and quantify the main off-gas components and clarify the flammability behavior and explosion limits of key combustible species. The results provide basic data for assessing EV battery accidents at sea and support the development of safer ventilation and gas-management strategies for ships.

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) servers and high-performance computing systems has significantly elevated the technical and reliability requirements for multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). In such systems, MLCCs are critical passive components that must deliver high capacitance, fast transient response, and robust insulation performance under high temperature, voltage, and current density. This review examines the material, structural, and process innovations that underpin MLCC performance in AI applications. Key topics include the development of ultrathin dielectric layers (<0.5 μm), rare-earth doped BaTiO₃-based dielectrics with enhanced DC bias stability, and core-shell microstructures designed for temperature and field resilience. The paper also explores insulation degradation mechanisms―such as vacancydriven conduction and demixing―and advanced reliability assessment methodologies, including HALT, TSDC, and the tipping point framework. Comparisons with automotive-grade MLCCs highlight the unique requirements of AI systems, such as ultraminiaturization, high volumetric efficiency, and ppm-level field failure rates. Finally, the review discusses emerging trends in MLCC technology, including particle engineering, interface stabilization, and advanced lamination techniques, and provides insight into the future direction of capacitor development tailored to AI data center environments.

Citations

• Reliability enhancement in Dy-doped BaTiO3 nanoceramics: from core–shell structure to phase-field modeling
  Shuyan Huang, Xinjie Wang, Mengjian Xiao, Xu Cheng, Xiaohui Wang
  Journal of Materials Science.2026; 61(37): 27665.     CrossRef
• Key factors determining high-temperature operating lifetime of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs)
  Yuto Tomura, Tzu-han Weng, Yusuke Oba, Tomohiro Kajita, Daiki Ishii
  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.2026; 65(16): 16SP05.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef
• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef

Humidity monitoring of exhaled breath has emerged as a vital approach for noninvasive respiratory health assessment, underscoring the need for sensitive and reliable humidity sensors. Despite its high conductivity and hydrophilic functional groups, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) often undergoes irreversible moisture adsorption and gradual oxidation by residual water, resulting in sensitivity degradation and long-term instability during cycling. In this study, a montmorillonite/reduced graphene oxide (MMT/rGO) composite is developed as a room-temperature humidity-sensing material, exhibiting an optimized response of 115%, more than 14 times higher than that of pristine rGO. This superior performance originates from the synergistic interaction between the reversible MMT swelling and the conductive rGO network near the electrical percolation transition, which ensures excellent stability and repeatability under repeated humidity cycles. These findings suggest that the MMT/rGO composite provides a cost-effective and biocompatible platform for next-generation wearable humidity sensors capable of continuous respiratory monitoring.

To ensure the long-term reliability of flexible photovoltaic (FPV) modules, it is crucial to develop an effective moisture barrier layer that prevents the infiltration of moisture and oxygen. We developed such a layer composed of parylene (700 nm) and AlOx (70 nm), optimizing its material properties, moisture-blocking performance, and processing conditions. The barrier layer applied to the Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) substrate demonstrated a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 6.33 × 10^-2 g/m²/day and an average visible light transmittance (AVT) of 85.3% over the 380-780 nm wavelength range. For the FPV module with this barrier, Damp/Heat (DH) reliability testing was conducted at 85℃ and 85% relative humidity for up to 1,000 hours. During testing, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) decreased slightly from 25.4% (0 hr) to 24.7% (1,000 hr), reflecting a minimal reduction of only 0.7%. The primary cause of degradation was identified as a -4% relative change in shortcircuit current density (JSC) before and after DH testing. Consequently, the ETFE/parylene/AlOx multilayer moisture barrier proved highly effective in ensuring the long-term reliability of solar modules.

Thermal batteries are designed to activate at high temperatures (~500℃), therefore, the electrodes used in these systems are typically made into pellet form using compression molding techniques that do not involve polymer binders. However, the compression molding technique poses limitations in scaling up the electrode area without increasing thickness for high-power properties. Additionally, the tape casting method has been studied as a way to solve with, but too low a loading level is still an obstacle to practical use. This study fabricated a film cathode of high loading level (35.79 mAh·cm^-2) using the tape casting method for these problem. As utilized fabricated cathode, it investigated the influence of electrode thickness and density on electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a film cathode with a larger area but the same amount of active material as the pellet was fabricated, enabling the design of high-power cells with the same energy density. We expect that the fabricated film cathode with a high loading level and scalable area will enable the development of various thermal battery designs.

Citations

• Manufacturing Process Optimization of Oxide-Based Multilayer Ceramic Batteries Using Multilayer Ceramic Processing Technologies
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 519.     CrossRef

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are essential for high-capacitance, miniaturized, and reliable electronic applications. This study examines the impact of layer stacking on the dielectric and electrical properties of MLCCs using a BaTiO₃-based dielectric with MgO, Mn₃O₄, Yb₂O₃, V₂O₅, and (BaCa)SiO₃ glass additives. MLCCs with 10 um-thick dielectric layers and varying Ni electrode layers (10, 30, 50, and 100 layers) were fabricated. The dielectric constant increases significantly up to 30 layers due to compressive stress and sintering densification but it becomes linear beyond 30 layers. Dissipation factor and ESR decrease with higher stacking due to improved sinterability, while breakdown voltage declines exponentially from defect accumulation and thermal stress. Insulation resistance decreases but stabilizes relative to capacitance. C-V results show stress-induced polarization suppression, which reduces the dielectric constant under high voltage. Optimized stacking and sintering conditions are crucial for MIL-PRF-32535 compliant MLCC designs.

Citations

• [100]-Oriented BaTiO₃ via reaction-mediated texturing with SrTiO₃ templates
  Nu-Ri Ko, Jinsung Chun, Kutak Lee, Chang Kyu Jeong, Wook Jo
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(4): 574.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef

Ga₂O₃ is an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor material that offers superior electrical properties for high-voltage power electronics but suffers from poor thermal conductivity compared to conventional semiconductors. To overcome this thermal limitation, we developed Ga₂O₃/4H-SiC heterojunction Schottky barrier diodes that utilize the high thermal conductivity of SiC substrates. Using the aerosol deposition method, we successfully fabricated devices with different Ga₂O₃ film thicknesses (0.8-1.4 μm) and achieved exceptional electrical performance with the 0.8 μm device showing a specific on-resistance of 41 mΩ·cm² and a leakage current as low as 1.26 × 10^-10 A/cm² while maintaining stable operation up to 200℃. The devices demonstrated breakdown voltages reaching 2,365 V and maintained excellent rectification ratios above 1010 even at elevated temperatures. All fabricated devices with different film thicknesses showed consistent high-temperature stability, confirming the effectiveness of the heterojunction approach. These results provide a viable pathway for developing thermally stable, high-performance power devices essential for next-generation electric vehicle and renewable energy applications

In this study, the dielectric and electrical properties of high-capacitance base metal electrode (BME) multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) fabricated using a BaTiO₃-MgO-Mn₃O₄-(Na₀.₅Bi₀.₅)TiO₃ (NBT)-(BaCa)SiO₃ dielectric system were investigated under reducing atmospheres with oxygen partial pressures (PO₂) ranging from 10⁻1⁰ to 10⁻12 MPa. By incorporating NBT, the dielectric performance remained stable across the entire range of reducing atmospheres. The fabricated MLCCs exhibited consistent capacitance values, low dielectric loss (<2.8%), and high insulation resistance, reaching up to 2.4 GΩ at 25℃ and 0.675 GΩ at 125℃. Furthermore, excellent breakdown voltage performance (up to 550 V at 25℃) and Class II-compatible temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) behavior were observed, meeting the X8R specification. The BaTiO₃-MgO-Mn₃O₄-NBT-(BaCa)SiO₃ dielectric system demonstrates that NBT can serve as a promising alternative to conventional rare-earth dopants in BME MLCCs, enabling excellent thermal and electrical stability, high capacitance, and longterm reliability even under reducing conditions. These results confirm the feasibility of developing cost-effective, sustainable, and rare-earth-free MLCCs for high-performance applications in automotive, industrial, and energy storage systems.

Citations

• Flexible piezoelectric cross-bar array sensors for upper-limb kinesthetic sensing via muscle dynamics
  Junki Lee, Jihun Choi, Hyunseung Kim, Min Gon Son, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Jung Hwan Park, Andris Šutka, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Enhanced dielectric performance in BaTiO3 ceramics by diffusion-controlled core-shell structuring with 2D Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets
  Tae Yeong Song, Junwon Lee, Nayeon Kwon, Do-Kyun Kwon
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(5): 1194.     CrossRef

Lithium-ion batteries are utilized as an energy source for electric vehicles because of their advantages such as excellent cyclability, high energy density, high capacity, high efficiency, and low price. However, lithium-ion batteries use combustible electrolytes, which have also reported problems related to fire safety. Therefore, research on the fire safety of lithium-ion batteries is actively being conducted. In this study, detection criteria for the fire safety of lithium-ion batteries were proposed through incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and frequency analysis. The experimental results showed that the battery micro internal short circuit (MISC) indicator could be identified through changes in specific frequency bands and fluctuations in the ICA curve.

Citations

• Thermal Stability of NCM622 Cathode Material for Li-ion Batteries: A Real-time Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Study
  Seung-Han Lee, Tae-Sik Cho
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(4): 394.     CrossRef

Porous polymeric structures with piezoelectric properties have attracted considerable attention in the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering due to their ability to convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. However, conventional fabrication methods for porous structures often face limitations in controlling pore architecture, maintaining structural uniformity, and achieving process reproducibility, in addition to requiring complex processing conditions. To address these issues, we propose a facile and reproducible fabrication method for porous poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) piezoelectric sponges using molded sugar cubes as sacrificial pore templates. By adjusting the particle size of the sugar templates, the pore size and distribution of the sponges could be effectively controlled, and a uniform open-pore network was achieved. The fabricated sponges were evaluated with a focus on pore morphology, mechanical behavior, and piezoelectric performance depending on the sugar particle size, and these evaluations confirmed the structural properties and functional efficacy. This study presents a simple and reproducible fabrication strategy along with a quantitative analysis method for porous structures, which is expected to enhance process accessibility and practical applicability in the development of piezoelectric polymer-based biomaterial platforms.

Conductive inks are essential for developing flexible and wearable electronic devices, where printability and electrical performance must be finely balanced. However, achieving high conductivity while minimizing costly silver filler content remains a key challenge in ink formulation. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple ball-milling process transforms spherical silver particles into platelet-shaped fillers, dramatically enhancing conductivity at equivalent filler loading. The resulting inks show a reduction in sheet resistance from ~180 Ω/□ to ~ 0.57 Ω/□ at 70 wt% filler content, with improved performance attributed to surface-to-surface contact between platelets. Moreover, we show that filler content influences not only electrical conductivity but also ink viscosity, with the 53.8 wt% formulation achieving a practical balance between conductivity, processability, and cost. This morphology- and composition-controlled ink design offers a scalable strategy for manufacturing high-performance, cost-effective conductive inks suitable for next-generation printed electronics.

The composite specimens of (1-x)(La_0.7Sr_0.3)MnO₃-xBaTiO₃ (x = 0.05 ~ 0.3) were synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method, and the sintering temperature and time were 1,300℃ and 3 hours, respectively. As a result of observing the structural characteristics, the crystal structure of LSMO-BT solid solution was shown in which the rhombohedral LSMO phase and the tetragonal BT phase were separated and distributed, respectively. And fine grains having relatively small and uniformly distributed grains with sizes ranging from approximately 0.4 to 0.5 μm and pores within the specimens were observed. Notably, variations in the BT content did not significantly affect the grain size or porosity distribution, and a relative density of about 90% or more was shown. The resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), and B_25/65-value of the 0.7LSMO-0.3BT specimen at room temperature showed the highest values of 1.94 Ω-cm, 0.292 %/℃, and 464 K, respectively. The resistivity behavior of the LSMO-BT composites matched well with the small polaron hopping conduction model.

Citations

• Structural Analysis of Electric Field-Induced Polarization and Strain in Ferroelectric BaTiO₃
  Jae Hwan Park
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(4): 374.     CrossRef

The characteristics of each address discharge were investigated when the voltages of the scan and common electrodes were lowered simultaneously during an address period under the same address voltage conditions in an AC plasma display panel. It was confirmed that the delay time of address discharge shortened as the voltage decreased. However, the background light increased because the low scanning voltage generated more discharge between the electrodes of the upper and lower plates in the reset period. To lower the background light, a positive voltage was applied to the address electrode of the lower panel during the period when the rising ramp wave was applied, and a floating voltage was applied to the address electrode during the period when the falling ramp wave was applied during the reset period. As a result, the background light could be lowered by about 30%.

Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the biological mechanisms of neural signal transmission, has emerged as a promising technology for efficient and parallel data processing with minimal power consumption. In this study, we developed floating-gate organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based tunneling layers to mimic the characteristics of artificial synapses. The tunneling layers were formed using mixed phosphonic acid SAMs with varying ratios of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) and 12-pentafluorophenoxydodecylphosphonic acid (PFPA). The influence of these ratios on the memory and neuromorphic characteristics of the devices was systematically evaluated. Our results revealed that the ODPA ratio significantly impacts the hysteresis window, with higher ODPA content yielding improved memory characteristics. Conversely, the PFPA : ODPA ratio of 2:1 exhibited the lowest non-linearity (NL = 0.48), demonstrating the potential for highly accurate weight updates in neuromorphic devices. Additionally, pulse width modulation studies showed that a pulse width of 100 ms optimized the linearity and stability of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) characteristics. The combination of sol-gel processed AlOx as a floating-gate layer and tailored SAM-based tunneling layers allowed for precise control of device performance. These findings highlight the importance of molecular engineering in designing SAM layers to balance memory retention and neuromorphic functionality. This study provides a pathway for advancing organic floating-gate transistors as a core component in next-generation neuromorphic computing systems.

The solution-based fabrication process for resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) offers several advantages over conventional vapor deposition processes, including simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and high versatility for coating complex structures over large areas. In this study, a TiO₂-based ReRAM device was fabricated using a solution process with Pt top and P⁺⁺-Si bottom electrodes. The synthesized TiO₂ films contain a residual Cl element as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Reversible volatile resistance switching was observed due to the formation of conductive Ti-O-Ti networks in the TiO₂ layer. Post-annealing led to an increase in the threshold voltage (Vth). Asymmetric Current-Voltage characteristics was observed due to the different in the work functions of the electrodes. Additionally, the influence of compliance current settings on filament formation and hysteresis behavior was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that higher compliance currents enhanced the hysteresis width for both positive and negative voltage bias conditions.

Citations

• Pulse Response Measurement Optimization of ReRAM-Based Neuromorphic Devices
  Soon Joo Yoon, Yoon Kyeung Lee
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(3): 258.     CrossRef

This study examined the crystallinity and potential of BaTiO₃ powder, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis at 60 nm, as a dielectric material for automotive MLCCs under varying heat treatment temperatures. At temperatures above 850℃, the powder exhibited an orthorhombic structure, with crystallinity and particle size increasing as the temperature rose. In the range of 850~900℃, the powder displayed a uniform particle size distribution and minimal agglomeration, with particles ranging between 150~200 nm. Additionally, it was confirmed that the heat treatment temperature significantly impacts the properties of BaTiO₃ powder, which are critical for the dielectric performance required in X7R MLCCs used in automotive applications. Specifically, high-temperature treatment (above 850℃) was essential for enhancing the powder's crystallinity and forming a stable core-shell structure, which is crucial for achieving stable TCC (Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance) characteristics. It was confirmed that increased crystallinity at temperatures above 850℃ facilitated the development of the core-shell structure through interactions with additives, thereby achieving the necessary characteristics required for highly reliable automotive MLCCs.

Citations

• [100]-Oriented BaTiO₃ via reaction-mediated texturing with SrTiO₃ templates
  Nu-Ri Ko, Jinsung Chun, Kutak Lee, Chang Kyu Jeong, Wook Jo
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(4): 574.     CrossRef
• Effect of BaZrO3 Addition on the Frequency and Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
  Won-Su Lee, Jong Kyu Lee, Moon-Taek Cho, Jung Rag Yoon
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(5): 478.     CrossRef
• Enhanced dielectric performance in BaTiO3 ceramics by diffusion-controlled core-shell structuring with 2D Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets
  Tae Yeong Song, Junwon Lee, Nayeon Kwon, Do-Kyun Kwon
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2026; 63(5): 1194.     CrossRef

This review addresses the development trends of dielectric ceramics, the key material for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs), which are essential components in high-performance electronic devices. Traditional MLCCs have employed BaTiO₃ (BT)-based dielectrics to achieve high dielectric constant and low resistance. By minimizing oxygen vacancies and suppressing grain growth in BT materials, the temperature and voltage stability of MLCCs have been improved, leading to the development of MLCCs with diverse properties. However, the maximum dielectric constant of approximately 3000 in BT materials poses a limitation in overcoming the trade-off between rated voltage and capacitance density. Therefore, ultra-high permittivity dielectric materials have gained attention to meet the requirements of ultra-high-performance MLCCs, and ongoing research focuses on enhancing the temperature and frequency stability of these materials. This review analyzes the characteristics and limitations of conventional BT materials and explores recent research trends and future potential in developing new MLCCs based on ultra-high dielectric constant materials.

In this study, the effect of thickness on the Sn-doped β-Ga₂O₃ thin films was investigated. β-Ga₂O₃ is a next-generation material for power semiconductors and optoelectronics owing to its remarkable properties, such as an ultra-wide bandgap, excellent thermal and chemical stability, and large breakdown voltage. However, its inherently low conductivity can be limiting in applications that require high conductivity; therefore, improving the conductivity of β-Ga₂O₃ is important. In this study, Sn-doped β-Ga₂O₃ thin films with various thicknesses were deposited on β-Ga₂O₃ substrates. All the fabricated samples exhibited β-phase with a uniform and dense surface and transmittance of above 80% in the visible region. In particular, the 100 nm samples showed the highest carrier concentration and mobility and the lowest resistivity. Thus, these findings are expected to play an important role in improving the performance of devices by controlling the thickness of thin films.

Citations

• Growth of Beta-Phase Gallium Oxide Thin Films on Off-Axis Sapphire Substrates by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition
  Jae-Hyeok Lim, Tae-Yong Park, Yun-Ji Shin, Seong-Min Jeong, Chang-Mo Kang, Si-Young Bae
  Journal of Electrical and Electronic Materials.2026; 39(3): 302.     CrossRef

The search for sustainable and efficient energy conversion technologies is becoming increasingly critical in response to global energy and environmental challenges. Traditional lead-based piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), have high piezoelectric constant but present significant health problems and environmental risks due to their hazardous metal contaminants. This study addresses these concerns by investigating barium titanate (BTO), a lead-free alternative, and enhancing its performance using anisotropic nanowires (NWs) structures. BTO NWs were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method and incorporated into a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] matrix to fabricate a piezoelectric composite film. The resulting device demonstrated a notable increase in electrical output compared to devices based on isotropic morphology of BTO nanoparticles, exhibiting enhanced performance. These findings suggest that BTO NWs hold significant promise for applications in flexible and wearable electronics, paving the way for further advancements in sustainable energy technology.

Citations

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